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Disk image

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A disk image is a snapshot of a <a href="Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">storage</a> device's content – typically stored in a <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> on another storage device.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>

Traditionally, a disk image was relatively large because it was a bit-by-bit copy of every storage location of a device (i.e. every sector of a <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>), but it is now common to only store allocated data to reduce storage space.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Compression</a> and <a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">deduplication</a> are commonly used to further reduce the size of image files.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

Disk imaging is performed for a variety of purposes including <a href="Digital_forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital forensic">digital forensics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a> <a href="Backup" title="Backup">backup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> and emulation for <a href="Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">digital preservation</a> strategy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a>

Despite the benefits, storage costs can be high,<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> management can be difficult<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> and imaging can be time consuming.<a href="#cite_note-:5-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a>

Disk images can be made in a variety of formats depending on the purpose. <a href="Virtual_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual disk">Virtual disk</a> images (such as VHD and VMDK) are intended to be used for cloud computing,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO images</a> are intended to emulate optical media, such as a <a href="CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a> <a href="IMG_(file_format)" title="IMG (file format)">Raw disk images</a> are used for forensic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> Proprietary formats are typically used by disk imaging software.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

Disk images were originally (in the late 1960s) used for <a href="Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> and <a href="Disk_cloning" title="Disk cloning">disk cloning</a> of mainframe disk media. Early ones were as small as 5 <a href="Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> and as large as 330 megabytes, and the copy medium was <a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, which ran as large as 200 megabytes per reel.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Disk images became much more popular when floppy disk media became popular, where replication or storage of an exact structure was necessary and efficient, especially in the case of <a href="Copy_protected" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy protected">copy protected</a> floppy disks.

Disk image creation is called disk imaging and is often time consuming, even with a fast computer, because the entire disk must be copied.<a href="#cite_note-:5-10">[10]</a> Typically, disk imaging requires a third party disk imaging program or backup software. The software required varies according to the type of disk image that needs to be created. For example, RawWrite and WinImage create <a href="IMG_(file_format)" title="IMG (file format)">floppy disk image</a> files for <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> or <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">similar systems</a> the <a href="Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a> program can be used to create raw disk images.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> <a href="Apple_Disk_Copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Disk Copy">Apple Disk Copy</a> can be used on <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> systems to create and write disk image files.

Authoring software for CDs/DVDs such as <a href="Nero_Burning_ROM" title="Nero Burning ROM">Nero Burning ROM</a> can generate and load disk images for optical media. A virtual disk writer or virtual burner is a computer program that emulates an actual disc authoring device such as a CD writer or DVD writer. Instead of writing data to an actual disc, it creates a virtual disk image.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A virtual burner, by definition, appears as a disc drive in the system with writing capabilities (as opposed to conventional disc authoring programs that can create virtual disk images), thus allowing software that can burn discs to create virtual discs.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_forensics">Digital forensics</h3></div>

Forensic imaging is the process of creating a bit-by-bit copy of the data on the drive, including files, metadata, volume information, filesystems and their structure.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a> Often, these images are also <a href="Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">hashed</a> to verify their integrity and that they have not been altered since being created. Unlike disk imaging for other purposes, digital forensic applications take a bit-by-bit copy to ensure forensic soundness. The purposes of imaging the disk is to not only discover evidence preserved in digital information but also to examine the drive to gather clues of how the crime was committed.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtualization">Virtualization</h3></div>

Creating a virtual disk image of optical media or a <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> is typically done to make the content available to <a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">one or more virtual machines</a>. <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machines</a> emulate a CD/DVD drive by reading an <a href="ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO image</a>. This can also be faster than reading from the physical optical medium.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Further, there are less issues with wear and tear. A <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> or <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drive</a> in a <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> is implemented as a disk image (i.e. either the <a href="VHD_(file_format)" title="VHD (file format)">VHD</a> format used by Microsoft's <a href="Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>, the <a href="VDI_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="VDI (file format)">VDI</a> format used by <a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>'s <a href="VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>, the <a href="VMDK" title="VMDK">VMDK</a> format used for <a href="VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> virtual machines, or the <a href="QCOW" class="mw-redirect" title="QCOW">QCOW</a> format used by <a href="QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>). Virtual hard disk images tend to be stored as either a collection of files (where each one is typically 2GB in size), or as a single file. Virtual machines treat the image set as a physical drive.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_deployment_of_systems">Rapid deployment of systems</h3></div>

Educational institutions and businesses can often need to buy or replace computer systems in large numbers. Disk imaging is commonly used to rapidly deploy the same configuration across workstations.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a> Disk imaging software is used to create an image of a completely-configured system (such an image is sometimes called a golden image).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This image is then written to a computer's hard disk (which is sometimes described as restoring an image).<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network-based_image_deployment">Network-based image deployment</h4></div>

Image restoration can be done using network-based image deployment. This method uses a <a href="Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a> server to boot an operating system over a computer network that contains the necessary components to image or restore storage media in a computer.<a href="#cite_note-:8-24">[24]</a> This is usually used in conjunction with a <a href="Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> server to automate the configuration of network parameters including IP addresses. <a href="Multicast" title="Multicast">Multicasting</a>, <a href="Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">broadcasting</a> or <a href="Unicast" title="Unicast">unicasting</a> tend to be used to restore an image to many computers simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-:8-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> These approaches do not work well if one or more computers experience packet loss.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> As a result, some imaging solutions use the <a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> protocol to overcome this problem.

Network-based image deployment reduces the need to maintain and update individual systems manually. Imaging is also easier than automated setup methods because an administrator does not need to have knowledge of the prior configuration to copy it.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_strategy">Backup strategy</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="System_image" title="System image">System image</a> and <a href="Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a> (for Windows Vista and later)</div>

A disk image contains all files and data (i.e., <a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attributes</a> and the <a href="File_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="File fragmentation">file fragmentation</a> state). For this reason, it is also used for backing up <a href="Optical_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical media">optical media</a> (<a href="CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a> and <a href="DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, etc.), and allows the exact and efficient recovery after <a href="Sandbox_(software_development)" title="Sandbox (software development)">experimenting</a> with modifications to a system or <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. Typically, disk imaging can be used to quickly restore an entire system to an operational state after a disaster.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_preservation">Digital preservation</h3></div>

Libraries and museums are typically required to archive and digitally preserve information without altering it in any manner.<a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[26]</a> <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">Emulators</a> frequently use disk images to emulate floppy disks that have been preserved. This is usually simpler to program than accessing a real floppy drive (particularly if the disks are in a format not supported by the host operating system), and allows a large library of software to be managed. Emulation also allows existing disk images to be put into a usable form even though the data contained in the image is no longer readable without emulation.<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div>

Disk imaging is time consuming, the space requirements are high and reading from them can be slower than reading from the disk directly because of a performance overhead.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a>

Other limitations can be the lack of access to software required to read the contents of the image. For example, prior to Windows 8, third party software was required to mount disk images.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> When imaging multiple computers with only minor differences, much data is duplicated unnecessarily, wasting space.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_and_failure">Speed and failure</h3></div>

Disk imaging can be slow, especially for older storage devices. A typical 4.7 GB DVD can take an average of 18 minutes to duplicate.<a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a> Floppy disks read and write much slower than hard disks. Therefore, despite their small size, it can take several minutes to copy a single disk. In some cases, disk imaging can fail due to bad sectors or physical wear and tear on the source device.<a href="#cite_note-:10-13">[13]</a> Unix utilities (such as <a href="Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a>) are not designed to cope with failures, causing the disk image creation process to fail.<a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[26]</a> When <a href="Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">data recovery</a> is the end goal, it is instead recommended to use more specialised tools (such as <a href="Ddrescue" title="Ddrescue">ddrescue</a>).

<ul><li><a href="Boot_image" title="Boot image">Boot image</a> – A disk image that supports booting a computer</li>

<li><a href="Card_image" title="Card image">Card image</a> – String that represents the content of a computer punch card</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_disc_image_software" title="Comparison of disc image software">Comparison of disc image software</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_cloning" title="Disk cloning">Disk cloning</a> – Process of duplicating all data on a digital storage drive</li>

<li><a href="El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito (CD-ROM standard)</a> – File system for CD-R and CD-ROM optical discsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO image</a> – Archive file of an optical discPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets, an archive file of an optical media volume</li>

<li><a href="Loop_device" title="Loop device">Loop device</a> – Unix pseudo-device</li>

<li><a href="Mtools" title="Mtools">Mtools</a></li>

<li><a href="No-CD_crack" class="mw-redirect" title="No-CD crack">no-CD crack</a> – Disc copy protection circumventionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Protected_Area_Run_Time_Interface_Extension_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Area Run Time Interface Extension Services">Protected Area Run Time Interface Extension Services</a> – Area of hard drive that is not visible to operating systemPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (PARTIES)</li>

<li><a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a> – Data dump from a ROM chip</li>

<li><a href="Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a> – Modification of software, often to use it for free</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/utils/dos/">Software repository including RAWRITE2</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Virtual_drive_software179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Vdisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vdisk">Virtual drive</a> software</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_disk_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual disk image">Virtual disk image</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">Mount</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AcetoneISO" title="AcetoneISO">AcetoneISO</a></li>

<li><a href="CDemu" title="CDemu">CDemu</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_(Unix)" title="Mount (Unix)">mount</a></li>

<li><a href="WinCDEmu" title="WinCDEmu">WinCDEmu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_120%25" title="Alcohol 120%">Alcohol 120%</a></li>

<li><a href="Daemon_Tools" title="Daemon Tools">Daemon Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li>

<li><a href="MagicISO" title="MagicISO">MagicISO</a></li>

<li><a href="Toast_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toast (software)">Roxio Toast</a></li>

<li><a href="UltraISO" title="UltraISO">UltraISO</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_CloneDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual CloneDrive">Virtual CloneDrive</a></li>

<li>VirtualDrive Pro</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_disc_image_software" title="Comparison of disc image software">Comparison of disc image software</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disk_image_file_formats363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disk_image_file_formats363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="File_format" title="File format">file formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_disc_image_software" title="Comparison of disc image software">Comparison of disc image software</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CDDA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Disc_Description_Protocol" title="Disc Description Protocol">Disc Description Protocol</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Convention: Any item in this table that has the form of "A+B" or "A+B+C" indicates a disk format that spans multiple files, where A contains the bulk of the data, and B and C are <a href="Sidecar_file" title="Sidecar file">sidecar files</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pirated_movie_release_types111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pirated_movie_release_types111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pirated_movie_release_types" title="Pirated movie release types">Pirated movie release types</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Film_screening" title="Film screening">Pre-release</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Screener_(promotional)" title="Screener (promotional)">Screener (SCR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecine_(copying)" title="Telecine (copying)">Telecine (TC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Workprint" title="Workprint">Workprint (WP)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Box_office" title="Box office">In-cinema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Telesync" title="Telesync">Telesync (TS)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Home_video" title="Home video">Home video</a> <a href="Ripping" title="Ripping">ripping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Disk_image&oldid=1301472529">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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